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[Wikipedia]
Martial law
URLﾘﾝｸ(en.wikipedia.org)
United States
The martial law concept in the United States is closely tied with the right of habeas corpus, which is in essence the right to a hearing on lawful imprisonment, or more broadly, the supervision of law enforcement by the judiciary.
The ability to suspend habeas corpus is often equated with martial law.
Article 1, Section 9 of the US Constitution states, "The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it."
In United States law, martial law is limited by several court decisions that were handed down between the American Civil War and World War II.
In 1878, Congress passed the Posse Comitatus Act, which forbids military involvement in domestic law enforcement without congressional approval.
History
Throughout United States history are several examples of the imposition of martial law, aside from that during the Civil War.
The American Revolution
As a result of the Boston Tea Party,
New Orleans, Louisiana in the War of 1812
During the War of 1812, US General Andrew Jackson imposed martial law in New Orleans, Louisiana before repulsing the British in the Battle of New Orleans.[
Ex parte Milligan
On September 15, 1863 President Lincoln imposed
The Great Chicago Fire
In response to the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, Chicago mayor Roswell B. Mason declared a state of martial law
Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, 1892
In 1892, in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, striking mine workers blew up a mill and shot at strike-breaking workers.
The explosion leveled a four-story building and killed one person.
The governor declared martial law.
San Francisco earthquake of 1906
Following the earthquake of 1906, the troops stationed in the Presidio were pressed into martial law service
Colorado Coalfield War
In 1914, imposition of martial law climaxed the so-called Colorado Coalfield War. Dating back decades, the conflicts came to a head in Ludlow, Colorado in 1913. The Colorado National Guard was called in to quell the strikers.
Clashes increased and the proclamation of martial law was made by the governor, eventually resulting in the Ludlow Massacre.
President Wilson sent in
West Virginia Coal Wars
At the behest of Governor Cornwell, federal troops had been dispatched to Mingo County to deal with the striking miners.
Tulsa Race Riot
In 1921, during the Tulsa race riot, the Oklahoma National Guard
San Francisco, California, 1934
In 1934, California Governor Frank Merriam placed the docks of San Francisco under martial law,
The Territory of Hawaii
After the war, the federal judge for the islands condemned the conduct of martial law, saying, "Gov. Poindexter declared lawfully martial law
Freedom Riders
On May 21, 1961, Governor Patterson of Alabama declared martial law