17/01/03 22:22:16.02 z8gJ/gzs.net
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385:オーバーテクナナシー
17/01/03 22:23:19.48 z8gJ/gzs.net
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386:オーバーテクナナシー
17/01/03 22:24:22.98 z8gJ/gzs.net
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387:山口青星
17/01/03 22:31:55.87 gnd1+UQL8
お互いに自ら恥をかく必要はなかろうが
毒を喰わらば皿までか
388:オーバーテクナナシー
17/01/03 22:25:27.86 z8gJ/gzs.net
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389:オーバーテクナナシー
17/01/03 22:26:34.50 z8gJ/gzs.net
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390:オーバーテクナナシー
17/01/03 22:27:38.73 z8gJ/gzs.net
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391:オーバーテクナナシー
17/01/03 22:28:42.22 z8gJ/gzs.net
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392:オーバーテクナナシー
17/01/03 22:29:46.66 z8gJ/gzs.net
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393:オーバーテクナナシー
17/01/03 22:30:50.30 z8gJ/gzs.net
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394:オーバーテクナナシー
17/01/03 22:31:54.04 z8gJ/gzs.net
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395:オーバーテクナナシー
17/01/03 22:32:56.91 z8gJ/gzs.net
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17/01/03 22:34:00.44 z8gJ/gzs.net
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17/01/03 22:35:03.95 z8gJ/gzs.net
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17/01/03 22:36:07.70 z8gJ/gzs.net
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399:オーバーテクナナシー
17/01/03 22:37:14.73 z8gJ/gzs.net
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400:オーバーテクナナシー
17/01/03 22:38:17.23 z8gJ/gzs.net
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401:オーバーテクナナシー
17/01/03 22:39:27.75 z8gJ/gzs.net
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402:オーバーテクナナシー
17/01/03 22:40:34.35 z8gJ/gzs.net
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403:山口青星
17/01/03 22:47:57.68 gnd1+UQL8
>>259-260 >>387
258 : 山口青星 2017/01/03(火) 18:12:34.81 ID:igW+0jZp
最早吐露すべきでしょう
>>93-94 >>131
そも超知能との融合用の VM を何だと思われている ?
超知能と融合できないルート ≒
* 特異点後数年で旧人類がо隷扱いされる
* 宇宙に染み渡る知性に同行できない ( 置いてきぼり )
自分は当 VM 軌道投入の為に二度もにかけた ( 最終定理レベルの問題を二度解いた )
+ 先々月上旬までは本気で自殺するつもりだった
( ねない理由が見付かって取止め : 生き地獄でも安易にはねなくなった )
だからこそオノ・ヨーコ氏にも安易には申出できない
( 両立 : 融合の重みと無礼に当らない軽快さ )
有機分散化前提超細粒度リアルタイム並列機構など本気で生活を費やせば書ける
という凄腕の方もいらっしゃるでしょうがそれはデザパタ利用のアプリのお話でしょう
リアルタイム VM を VM として書くとの異常な前提となれば地獄の様相
( 野戦病院の呻き声 + 自分の手足が自分の手足に見えない状況に追込まれる ※ )
そうして命を捨てて書いた融合用 VM に対し理由は ? と詰寄られようとは
この大仕事に対し理由は ? と上から目線を当然とする者が存在しようとは
開発継続絶望状況に追込まれたも道理 ( 第一義 私の不徳の致す所 )
※
ジル・ボルト・テイラーのパワフルな洞察の発作 | TED Talk | TED.com
URLリンク(google.jp)
> 脳科学者なら願ってもない ry 脳卒中 ry 自分の脳 ry 運動、言語、自己認識 ry 停止していく
404:山口青星
17/01/03 22:49:27.52 gnd1+UQL8
>>403
259 : 258 2017/01/03(火) 18:23:26.69 ID:igW+0jZp
>>258
> 有機分散化前提超細粒度リアルタイム並列機構など本気で生活を費やせば書ける
> という凄腕の方もいらっしゃるでしょうがそれはデザパタ利用のアプリのお話でしょう
PEZY の皆様等ならばハイパバイザ VM も難なく書かれるでしょう
405:オーバーテクナナシー
17/01/03 22:41:37.67 z8gJ/gzs.net
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406:オーバーテクナナシー
17/01/03 22:42:41.39 z8gJ/gzs.net
))()(())))())()(((()()))()())((()))()))((((())(()(()()((((((()))(())()))(
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407:オーバーテクナナシー
17/01/03 22:43:44.45 z8gJ/gzs.net
))()(())))())()(((()()))()())((()))()))((((())(()(()()((((((()))(())()))(
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408:オーバーテクナナシー
17/01/03 22:44:47.44 z8gJ/gzs.net
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409:オーバーテクナナシー
17/01/03 22:45:50.76 z8gJ/gzs.net
))()(())))())()(((()()))()())((()))()))((((())(()(()()((((((()))(())()))(
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410:オーバーテクナナシー
17/01/03 22:46:54.03 z8gJ/gzs.net
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411:オーバーテクナナシー
17/01/03 22:47:56.47 z8gJ/gzs.net
))()(())))())()(((()()))()())((()))()))((((())(()(()()((((((()))(())()))(
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())((())(((()()()))()))()(()(()))(()()))()()(())())))(((()))((()))((()(((
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(()(((())(()(()()(((((())()(()()))))(()()()()(()(())(()()()()))()))()))))
)()(((((()()))))()()()(()))()())((((()())))()()()()()(())())(())())((()((
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(((()))(()(((((()))((()))))()))(())))))()(()((((((((())(())(()())))))))((
())(()(())(())(((())))(()()))()((()(()))(()(())(())))())))()(((())()()(((
)())())))()())(()())()))(((((((())((((()())()())((())((()()((((()))()))))
(()()(((()())(()(((((()((())())(()()(()())))))()))(()())))))(()(()())(())
)()(()()(((((()))()()(((()))())(())((((()()()(()))))(()())())))))((()))((
(())))()((())((())()((()(()()))(())(()))()())((()((()()())(()()())))()(()
))))))(()()()(())(()(()))()((()()())()((())()()()()()((()(())(()((())())(
()(()()()())())(()(()(()))(())(((())(()((())())()()())()(()(()(()())))())
412:yamaguti~kasi
17/01/04 03:24:48.26 tG0zBu3uQ
>>403-404 >>259-260 >>387
(強いAI)技術的特異点/(世界加速) 23
スレリンク(future板)
413:yamaguti~貸し
17/05/06 11:30:02.68 06PAQDznL
階層的時間的記憶理論 ( HTM )
URLリンク(webcache.googleusercontent.com)
短縮版
スレリンク(future板:539-676番)
スレリンク(future板:20-30番)
スレリンク(future板:4-番)
414:yamaguti~貸し
17/08/23 18:32:03.04
スレリンク(future板:994番)#5# Kigen 2029
スレリンク(future板:11番)# Kigen 2029
>4 :YAMAGUTIseisei~貸:2017/07/03(月) 18:55:52.86 ID:+iEtoBTm
>URLリンク(google.jp)
:
スレリンク(future板:463番)# JizenTaisaku
415:yamaguti~貸し
17/12/17 18:55:28.90 YXtp8YEbG BE:66089039-2BP(3)
>385 : 384 2016/09/09(金) 20:33:46.15 ID:QvVejvXm
:
> M Mitchell Waldrop著田中三彦&遠山峻征訳「複雑系」からの重要箇所のmemo
>436 : 434 2016/09/16(金) 01:04:00.44 ID:IMPbLUQS
:
> !!!!! e0149_
:
> j0193_
>ホランドの個人的な知的研究計画---創発と適応が相互に絡み合ったプロセスの理解---
>440 : 434 2016/09/16(金) 01:10:03.57 ID:IMPbLUQS
> j0203_
>そしてそれ以上に、ホランドのような思索的な先駆者にとっては、 ry
>。どちらも情報処理装置 ry 、思考そのものは情報処理の一形態として ry
>。もちろん当時はだれも、この種のことを「人工知能」とか「認知科学」と呼ぶことを知らなか
> j0204_
>当時、答えは少しも明らかではなかった (いまでも
416:415
17/12/17 18:58:29.37 YXtp8YEbG BE:29373034-2BP(3)
>>415
> 441 : 434 2016/09/16(金) 05:24:47.41 ID:IMPbLUQS
:
> !!!!!!! e0165_
: j0215_
>ホランドには、進化と学習がゲームのように思えた。
> !!!!!! e0165_
:
> j0215_
>ホランドは、ゲームに目を向けたサミュエルの先見性 ry
> !!!! e0166 e_s05_p0166_l019
:
> j0217_
>なじみの範疇にあまりうまくあてはまらなかった。
>それはハードウエアではなかったし、かといってソフトウエアでもなかった。
>また当時それは人工知能にも入らなかった。
>だから、何か標準的な基準で判断を下すというようなことができな
417:415
17/12/17 18:59:37.43 YXtp8YEbG BE:29373326-2BP(3)
415-416
>443 : 434 2016/09/16(金) 05:27:21.62 ID:IMPbLUQS
:
> !!!!! e0185_
:
> j0243_
>二つのクラシファイアの規則が互いに合わな ry 貢献度に基づいて
>--- ry プログラムに組み込まれた選択基準によってではなく---勝手にけんかをさせて
> !!!!! e0186_
:
> j0245_
>危機ではなく、 ry システムが経験から学ぶチャンス
>444 : 434 2016/09/16(金) 05:28:04.87 ID:IMPbLUQS
:
> !!!!!!! j0253_
>さらにそのシステムは ry 、信じられないぐらい単純
418:415
17/12/17 19:01:35.79 YXtp8YEbG
>>415-417
>479 : 478 2016/09/30(金) 19:31:02.90 ID:/EmvfkU+
:
>↓↑ ( VM 策 ↑ / ↓ 環境策 1 )
:
>↓
>意味空間自律レンダリングシステム ( 準ネイティブシステム 型ラッパ )
>↓
>細粒度ラベル化自律圧縮記憶装置 ( ファイルラベル 疑似ネットカーネル KJ )
>↓
>人格システム ( 創発普遍準普遍互換 生体脳 ネット生命体 硅素生命体 )
>490 : 478 2016/10/09(日) 13:01:27.48 ID:bPMKmbZE
>YAMAGUTIseisei wrote ( ry ) :
>意味空間レンダリングシステム
> 準エミュレーション , AL , 細粒度クラスタレベル自律オブジェクト ※
:
> シミュレーション , AI
> 言語辞書レベルベース
>
>※ ニューラルカーネル , ニューロ OS , KJ カーネル ( P ry
>→ OS レス OS , 自律 OS , 自律ネット
>492 : 490 2016/10/10(月) 12:28:26.40 ID:OXjHwZv7
>495 : 478 2016/10/12(水) 17:59:51.81 ID:z9X4vs5F
:
> 第二世代誤り訂正 ( AI AL KJ 意味空間 ) =
419:415
17/12/17 19:10:01.37 YXtp8YEbG BE:110147459-2BP(3)
>>415-418
>スレリンク(future板:99番)
> スレリンク(future板:443番)# Professor John Henry Holland
スレリンク(future板:205番)# KurasifaiaSisutemu
スレリンク(future板:192番)#196#200#210#217#241# KanniNyuuron
420:YAMAGUTIseisei~貸し
18/01/25 17:37:07.85 Ip52gDBro BE:44059829-2BP(3)
テンプレ漏れ
(強いAI)技術的特異点/シンギュラリティ 33
スレリンク(future板)
スレリンク(future板)
421:YAMAGUTIseisei
18/07/08 13:12:20.91 r8hmMT68N BE:9791322-2BP(3)
This is the html version of the file URLリンク(microsoft.com) .
Google automatically generates html versions of documents as we crawl the web.
Page 1
Dynamic Vectorization in the E2 Dynamic Multicore Architecture
To appear in the proceedings of HEART 2010
Andrew Putnam
Microsoft Research
anputnamATmicrosoft.
Aaron Smith
Microsoft Research
aasmithATmicrosoft.
Doug Burger
Microsoft Research
dburgerATmicrosoft.
ABSTRACT
Previous research has shown that Explicit Data Graph Execution (EDGE) instruction set architectures (ISA) allow for power efficient performance scaling.
In this paper we describe the preliminary design of a new dynamic multicore processor called E2 that utilizes an EDGE ISA to allow for the dynamic composition of physical cores into logical processors.
We provide details of E2 ' s support for dynamic reconfigurability and show how the EDGE ISA facilities out-of-order vector execution.
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Categories and Subject Descriptors
C.1.2 [Computer Systems Organization]:
Multiple Data Stream Architectures --
single-instruction-stream, multiple-data-stream processors (SIMD), array and vector processors;
C.1.3 [Computer Systems Organization]:
Other Architecture Styles --
adaptable architectures, data-flow architectures
General Terms
Design, Performance
Keywords
Explicit Data Graph Execution (EDGE)
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1.
INTRODUCTION
Chip designers have long relied on dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) to trade off power for performance.
However, voltage scaling no longer works as processors approach the minimum threshold voltage (Vmin) as frequency scaling at Vmin reduces both power and performance linearly, achieving no reduction in energy.
Power and performance trade-offs are thus left to either the microarchitecture or the system software.
When designing an architecture with little (if any) DVFS, designers must choose how to spend the silicon resources.
Hill and Marty [6] described four ways that designers could use these resources:
(1)
many small, low performance, power efficient cores,
(2)
few large, power inefficient, high performance cores,
(3)
a heterogeneous mix of both small and large cores,
and (4)
a dynamic architecture capable of combining or splitting cores to adapt to a given workload.
Of these alternatives, the highest performance and most energy efficient design is the dynamic architecture.
Hill and Marty characterized what such a dynamic processor could do but did not describe the details of such an architecture.
TFlex [9] is one proposed architecture that demonstrated a large dynamic range of power and performance
by combining power efficient, lightweight processor cores into larger, more powerful cores through the use of an Explicit Data Graph Execution (EDGE) instruction set architecture (ISA).
TFlex is dynamically configurable to provide the same performance and energy efficiency as a small embedded processor or to provide the higher performance of an out-of-order superscalar on single-threaded applications.
Motivated by these promising results, we are currently designing a new dynamic architecture called E2 that utilizes an EDGE ISA to achieve high performance power efficiently [3].
The EDGE model divides a program into blocks of instructions that execute atomically.
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Blocks consist of a sequence of dataflow instructions that explicitly encode relationships between producer-consumer instructions, rather than communicating through registers as done in a conventional ISA.
These explicit encodings are used to route operands to private reservation stations (called operand buffers) for each instruction.
Registers and memory are only used for handling less-frequent inter-block communication.
Prior dynamic architectures [7, 9] have demonstrated the ability to take advantage of task and thread-level parallelism, but handling data-level parallelism requires dividing data into independent sets and using thread-level parallelism.
In this paper we focus on efficiently exploiting data-level parallelism, even without threading, and present our preliminary vector unit design for E2.
Unlike previous in-order vector machines, E2 allows for out-of-order execution of both vectors and scalars.
The E2 instruction set and execution model supports three new capabilities that enable efficient vectorization across a broad range of codes.
First, by slicing up the statically programmed issue window into vector lanes, highly concurrent, out-of-order issue of mixed scalar and vector operations can be achieved with lower energy overhead than scalar mode.
Second, the statically allocated reservation stations permit the issue window to be treated as a vector register file, with wide fetches to memory and limited copying between a vector load and the vector operations.
Third, the atomic block-based model in E2 permits refreshing of vector (and scalar) instruction blocks mapped to reservation stations, enabling repeated vector operations to issue with no fetch or decode energy overhead after the first loop iteration.
Taken together, these optimizations will reduce the energy associated with finding and executing many sizes of vectors across a wide range of codes.
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ALU Instruction Window 32 x 54b
ALU Instruction Window 32 x 54b
ALU nstruction Window 32 x 54b
ALU Instruction Window 32 x 54b
L1 Instruction Cache 32 KB
L1 Data Cache 32 KB
Control
Branch Predictor
Registers [0-15] 16 x 64b Registers [16-31] 16 x 64b Registers [32-47] 16 x 64b Registers [48-63] 16 x 64b
Memory Interface Controller
Load/Store Queue
Operand Buffer 32 x 64b Operand Buffer 32 x 64b Operand Buffer 32 x 64b Operand Buffer 32 x 64b
Operand Buffer 32 x 64b Operand Buffer 32 x 64b Operand Buffer 32 x 64b Operand Buffer 32 x 64b
Lane 1 Lane 2 Lane 3 Lane 4
Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core L2 L2 L2 L2
Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core L2 L2 L2 L2
Figure 1:
E2 microarchitecture block diagram.
In vector mode, each core is composed of four independent vector lanes, each with a 32-instruction window, two 64-bit operand buffers, an ALU for both integer and floating point operations, and 16 registers.
In scalar mode, the ALUs in lanes 3 and 4 are powered down, and the instruction windows, operand buffers, and registers are made available to the other two lanes.
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2.
THE E2 ARCHITECTURE
E2 is a tiled architecture that consists of low power, high performance, decentralized processing cores connected by an on-chip network.
This design provides E2 with the benefits of other tiled architectures - namely simplicity, scalability, and fault tolerance.
Figure 1 shows the basic architecture of an E2 processor containing 32 cores, and a block diagram of the internal structure of one physical core.
A core contains N lanes (in this paper we choose four), with each lane consisting of a 64-bit ALU and one bank of the instruction window, operand buffers, and register file.
ALUs support both integer and floating point operations, as well as fine-grained SIMD execution (eight 8-bit, four 16-bit, or two 32-bit integer operations per cycle, or two single-precision floating point calculations per cycle).
This innovation of breaking the window into lanes allows for high vector throughput with little additional hardware complexity.
E2 ' s EDGE ISA restricts blocks in several ways to simplify the hardware that maps blocks to the execution sub-strate and detect when blocks are finished executing.
Blocks are variable-size: they contain between 4 and 128 instructions and may execute at most 32 loads and stores.
The hardware relies on the compiler to break programs into blocks of dataflow instructions and assign load and store identifiers to enforce sequential memory semantics [12].
To improve performance, the compiler uses predication to form large blocks filled with useful instructions.
To simplify commit, the architecture relies on the compiler to ensure that a single branch is produced from every block, and to encode the register writes and the set of store identifiers used.
E2 cores operate in two execution modes: scalar mode and vector mode.
In scalar mode, any instruction can send operands to any other instruction in the block, and all but two of the ALUs are turned off to conserve power.
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In vector mode, all N ALUs are turned on, but instructions can only send operands to instructions in the same vector lane.
The mode is determined on a per-block basis from a bit in the block header.
This allows each core to adapt quickly to different application phases on a block-by-block basis.
2.1
Composing Cores
One key characteristic that distinguishes E2 from other processors is the ability to dynamically adapt the architecture for a given workload by composing and decomposing cores.
Rather than fixing the size and number of cores at design time, one or more physical cores can be merged together at runtime to form larger, more powerful logical cores.
For example, serial portions of a workload can be handled by composing every physical core into one large logical processor that performs like an aggressive superscalar.
Or, when ample thread-level parallelism is available, the same large logical processor can be split so each physical processor can work independently and execute instruction blocks from independent threads.
Merging cores together is called composing cores, while splitting cores is called decomposing cores.
Logical cores interleave accesses to registers and memory among the physical cores to give the logical core the combined computational resources of all the composed physical cores.
For example, a logical core composed of two physical cores uses an additional bit of the address to choose between the two physical caches, effectively doubling the L1 cache capacity.
The register files are similarly interleaved, but since only 64 registers are supported by the ISA, the additional register file capacity is powered gated to reduce power consumption.
Each instruction block is mapped to a single physical processor.
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When composed, the architecture uses additional cores to execute speculative instruction blocks.
When the non-speculative block commits, it sends the commit signal along with the exit branch address to all other cores in the logical processor.
Speculative blocks on the correct path continue to execute, while blocks on non-taken paths are squashed.
Details of this process are discussed further in section 2.2.1.
Core composition is done only when the overhead of changing configurations is outweighed by the performance gains of a more efficient configuration.
Composition is always done at block boundaries and is initiated by the runtime system.
To increase the number of scenarios in which composition is beneficial, E2 provides two different ways to compose cores, each offering a different trade-off in overhead and efficiency.
Full composition changes the number of physical cores in a logical core, and changes the register file and cache mappings.
Dirty cache lines are written out to main memory lazily.
Logical registers and cache locations are distributed evenly throughout the physical cores.
Cache lines are mapped via a simple hash function, leading to a larger logical cache that is the sum of the cache capacities of all physical cores.
Quick composition adds additional cores to a logical processor, but retains the same L1 data cache and register mappings, and does not write dirty cache lines out to main memory.
This leaves the logical processor with a smaller data cache than possible with full composition, but ensures that accesses to data already in the cache will still hit after composing.
Quick composition is the most useful for short-lived bursts of activity where additional execution units are useful, but where the overhead of reconfiguring the caches is greater than the savings from a larger, more efficient cache configuration.
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Decomposition removes physical cores from a logical processor and powers the removed cores down to conserve energy.
Execution continues on the remaining physical cores.
Decomposition requires flushing the dirty lines of each cache being dropped from the logical processor and updating the cache mapping.
Dirty cache lines in the remaining cores are written back only when a cache line is evicted.
2.2
Speculation
It has long been recognized that speculation is an essential piece of achieving good performance on serial workloads.
E2 makes aggressive use of speculation to improve performance.
A combined predicate-branch predictor [5] speculates at two levels.
First, it predicts the branch exit address for each block for speculation across blocks.
Second, it predicts the control flow path within blocks by predicting the predicate values.
2.2.1
Speculation Across Blocks
Predicting the branch exit address allows instruction blocks to be fetched and begin executing before the current block has completed.
The oldest instruction block is marked as non-speculative, and predicts a branch exit address.
This address is fetched and begins executing on another physical core in the logical processor or on the same physical core if there is available space in the instruction window.
The taken branch address often resolves before the block completes.
In this case, the non-speculative block notifies the other cores in the logical processor of the taken address.
The oldest instruction block then becomes the non-speculative block.
Any blocks that were not correctly speculated are squashed.
This taken branch signal differs from the commit signal.
The taken branch allows the next block to continue speculation and begin fetching new instruction blocks.
However, register and memory values are not valid until after the commit signal.
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Component Parameters Area (mm2) % Area
Instruction Window 32x54b 0.08 2%
Branch Predictor 0.12 3%
Operand Buffers 32x64b 0.19 5%
ALUs 4 SIMD, Int+FP 0.77 20%
Register File 64 x 64b 0.08 2%
Load-Store Queue 0.19 5%
L1 I-Cache 32kB 1.08 28%
L1 D-Cache 32kB 1.08 28%
Control 0.19 5%
Core 3.87 100%
L2 Cache 4MB 100
Table 1:
E2 core components, design parameters, and area.
2.2.2
Speculation Within a Block
There are three types of speculation within an instruction block.
Predicate speculation uses the combined predicate-branch predictor to predict the value of predicates.
Memory speculation occurs in speculative blocks when the speculative block loads values from the L1 cache that may be changed by less-speculative blocks.
Load speculation occurs when the load-store queue (LSQ) allows loads to execute before stores with lower load-store identifiers have executed.
In all three cases, mis-speculation requires re-execution of the entire instruction block.
This is relatively lightweight and only requires invalidating the valid bits in all of the operand buffers, and re-loading the zero operand instructions.
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3.3
Commit
During execution, instructions do not modify the architectural state.
Instead, all changes are buffered and commit together at block completion.
Once the core enters the commit phase, the register file is updated with all register writes, and all stores in the load-store queue are sent to the L1 cache beginning with the lowest sequence identifier.
Once all register writes and stores have committed, the core sends a commit signal to all other cores in the same logical processor.
3.3.1
Refresh
One important commit optimization, called refresh, occurs when the instruction block branches back to itself.
Rather than loading the instructions again from the L1 instruction cache, the instructions are left in place and only the valid bits in the operand buffers and load-store queues are cleared.
This allows the instruction fetch phase to be bypassed entirely.
Instructions that generate constants can also pin values in the operand buffers so that they remain valid after refresh, and are not regenerated each time the instruction block executes.
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Instructions Blocks of up to 128 instructions are fetched from the L1 instruction cache at a time and loaded into the instruction window.
Instructions remain resident in the window until block commit (or possibly longer, as described in section 3.3.1).
Physical cores support one 128-instruction block, two 64-instruction blocks, or four 32-instruction blocks in the window at the same time.
Instruction blocks begin with a 128-bit block header containing: the number of instructions in the block, flags for special block behavior, and bit vectors that encode the global registers written by the block and the store identifiers used.
Instructions are 32-bits wide, and generally contain at least four fields:
Opcode [9 bits]:
The instruction to execute along with the number of input operands to receive.
Predicate [2 bits]:
Indicates whether the instruction must wait on a predicate bit, and whether to execute if that bit is true or false.
Target 1 [9 bits]:
The identifier of the consumer for the instruction ' s result.
If the consumer is a register, this field is the register number.
If the consumer is another instruction, this field contains the consumer ' s instruction number (used as an index into the operand buffer) and whether the result is used as operand 0, operand 1, or as a predicate.
Target 2 / Immediate [9 bits]:
Either a second instruction target, or a constant value for immediate instructions.
The instruction window is divided into four equal banks with each bank loading two instructions per cycle.
Instructions that do not require input operands, such as constant generation instructions, are scheduled to execute immediately by pushing the instruction number onto the ready queue.
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3.2
Execute
Execution starts by reading ready instruction numbers from the ready queues.
Operands, the opcode, and the instruction target fields are forwarded to either the ALUs, register file (for read instructions), or the load-store queue (for loads and stores).
The target field is used to route the results (if any) back to the appropriate operand buffer (or to the register file, in the case of writes).
When results are forwarded back to the operand buffers, the targeted instruction is checked to see which inputs are required, and which operands have already arrived.
If all operands for the instruction have arrived, the instruction number is added to the ready queue.
Execution continues in this data-driven manner until the block is complete.
Like other EDGE and dataflow architectures, special handling is required for loads and stores to ensure that memory operations follow the program order semantics of imperative language programs.
E2 uses the approach described in [10], where the compiler encodes each memory operation with a sequence identifier to denote program order that the microarchitecture uses to enforce sequential memory semantics.
Not all instructions in a block necessarily execute because of predication, so the microarchitecture must detect block completion.
Blocks are considered complete when (1) one (and only one) branch has executed, and (2) all instructions that modify external state (register writes and stores) have executed.
The compiler encodes the register writes and store identifiers in the instruction block header so that the microarchitecture can identify when criteria (2) is satisfied.
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3.3
Commit
During execution, instructions do not modify the architectural state.
Instead, all changes are buffered and commit together at block completion.
Once the core enters the commit phase, the register file is updated with all register writes, and all stores in the load-store queue are sent to the L1 cache beginning with the lowest sequence identifier.
Once all register writes and stores have committed, the core sends a commit signal to all other cores in the same logical processor.
3.3.1
Refresh
One important commit optimization, called refresh, occurs when the instruction block branches back to itself.
Rather than loading the instructions again from the L1 instruction cache, the instructions are left in place and only the valid bits in the operand buffers and load-store queues are cleared.
This allows the instruction fetch phase to be bypassed entirely.
Instructions that generate constants can also pin values in the operand buffers so that they remain valid after refresh, and are not regenerated each time the instruction block executes.
Element Size Minimum (1 ALU) Maximum (4 ALUs)
8-bit 8 32
16-bit 4 16
32-bit 2 (1 single fp) 8 (4 single fp)
64-bit 1 4
Table 2:
Supported vector operations
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3.4
Vector Mode
Vector mode execution divides each processor core into N (in this paper 4) independent vector lanes.
When operating in vector mode, instructions can only target other instructions in the same vector lane, eliminating the need for a full crossbar between operand buffers and ALUs.
Each lane consists of a 32-entry instruction window, two 64-bit operand buffers, 16 registers, and one ALU.
E2 supports vector operations on 64-bit, 128-bit (padded to 256-bits), and 256-bit wide vectors.
Each ALU supports eight 8-bit, four 16-bit, or two 32-bit vector operations.
Four ALUs enable E2 to support up to 32 vector operations per cycle per core.
64-bit vector operations utilize a single ALU, where as 128- and 256-bit vector operations utilize all four ALUs.
Table 2 lists the number of parallel vector operations supported for each vector length and data element size.
Instruction blocks containing vector instructions are limited to 32 instructions which is the size of the instruction window for each vector lane.
Vector instructions issuing in lane 1 are automatically issued in the other three lanes and scalar instructions are always assigned to lane 1.
In vector mode, the sixty-four 64-bit physical registers (R0 - R63) are aliased to form sixteen 256-bit vector registers (V0 - V15).
We divide the physical register file into four banks to support single cycle access for vectors.
3.4.1
Memory Access in Vector Mode
E2 cores operate on vectors in 256-bit chunks, which enables efficient exploitation of data-level parallelism on small and medium-length vectors.
Operating on larger vectors is done using multiple instruction blocks in a loop, using the efficient refresh mode to bypass instruction fetch and the generation of constants (section 3.3).
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Splitting larger vectors among multiple instruction blocks could introduce a delay between loads of adjacent chunks of the same vector, as those loads are split among multiple instruction blocks.
To mitigate this delay, E2 employs a specialized unit called the memory interface controller (MIC).
The MIC takes over control of the L1 data cache, changing part of the cache into a prefetching stream buffer [8,11].
Stream buffers predict the address of the next vector load and bring that data into the cache early.
This ensures that the vector loads in subsequent instruction blocks always hit in the L1 cache.
Since vector and scalar operations are mixed in instruction blocks, part of the cache still needs to operate as a traditional cache.
Rather than halve the size of the cache, the set associativity of the cache is cut in half ? converting those ways into the memory for a stream buffer.
On vector loads, the cache checks the stream buffer.
On scalar loads and stores, the cache checks the cache in the same manner, albeit with a reduced number of sets to check.
Vector store instructions are buffered in the stream buffer until block commit, at which point they are written directly out to main memory.
4.
EXAMPLE: RGB TO Y CONVERSION In this section we give an example to explain how a program is vectorized on E2.
Figure 2 shows the C code and corresponding vectorized assembly for a RGB to Y brightness conversion which is commonly used to convert color images to grayscale.
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1 // numVectors > 0
2 // y = r * .299 + g * .587 + b * .114;
3 void rgb2y(int numVectors,
4 __vector float *r, __vector float *g,
5 __vector float *b, __vector float *y)
6 {
7 __vector float yr = { 0.299f, 0.299f,
8 0.299f, 0.299f };
9 __vector float yg = { 0.587f, 0.587f,
10 0.587f, 0.587f } ;
11 __vector float yb = { 0.114f, 0.114f,
12 0.114f, 0.114f };
13
14 for (int i = 0; i < numVectors; i++)
15 y[i] = r[i] * yr + g[i] * yg + b[i] * yb;
16 }
17
18 _rgb2y:
19 read t30, r3 // numVectors
20 read t20, r4 // address of next r
21 read t21, r5 // address of next g
22 read t22, r6 // address of next b
23 read t32, r7 // address of y
24 read t31, r8 // i
25 read t1, v0 // vector yr
26 read t3, v1 // vector yg
27 read t5, v2 // vector yb
28
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29 // RGB to Y conversion
30 vl t0, t20 [0] // vector load
31 vl t2, t21 [1]
32 vl t4, t22 [2]
33 vfmul t6, t0, t1 // vector fp mul
34 vfmul t7, t2, t3
35 vfmul t8, t4, t5
36 vfadd t9, t6, t7 // vector fp add
37 vfadd t10, t8, t9
38
39 // store result in Y
40 multi t40, t31, #32
41 add t41, t32, t40
42 vs 0(t41), t10 [3] // vector store
43
44 // loop test
45 tlt t14, t31, t30
46 ret_t<t14>
47 br_f<t14> rgb2y
48 addi r8, t31, #1
49 addi r4, t20, #32
50 addi r5, t21, #32
51 addi r6, t22, #32
Figure 2:
C source code and E2 assembly listing for a vectorized RGB to Y brightness conversion.
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Each pixel in an image has a triple corresponding to the red, green, and blue color components.
Brightness (Y) is computed by multiplying each RGB value by a constant and summing the three results.
This program can be trivially parallelized to perform multiple conversions in parallel since each conversion is independent.
4.1
C Source
Each RGB component is represented by a vector and pointers to these vectors, along with a pointer to the preallocated result vector Y, and the number of vectors to convert are passed to the function as arguments (lines 4-5).
The constants for the conversion are also stored in vectors (lines 7-12).
Each vector is 256-bits wide and the individual data elements are padded to 64-bits since their type is a 32-bit single precision float.
The conversion is done using a simple for loop (lines 14-16).
To simplify the example we do not unroll the loop to fill the block.
4.2
Assembly The assembly listing is given in lines 18-51.
Instructions are grouped into blocks by the compiler (one block for this example) and a new block begins at every label (line 18).
The architecture fetches, executes, and commits blocks atomically.
By convention we use Rn to denote scalar registers, Vn to denote vector registers, and Tn to denote temporary operands.
The scalar and vector registers are part of the global state visible to every block.
The temporary operands however are only visible within the block they are defined.
The only instructions that can read from the global register file are register READ instructions (lines 19-27).
However, most instructions can write to the global register file.
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Vector instructions begin with ' v ' (lines 30-37 and 42).
All load and store instructions are assigned load-store identifiers to ensure sequential memory semantics (lines 30-32 and 42).
That is a load assigned ID0 must complete before a store with ID1.
Most instructions can be predicated and predicates are only visible within the block they are defined.
Predicated instructions take an operand representing true or false that is compared against the polarity encoded into the predicated instruction (denoted by _t and _f).
The test instruction in line 45 creates a predicate that the receiving instructions (lines 46-47) compare against their own encoded predicate.
Only instructions with matching predicates execute.
Blocks are limited to a maximum of 128 scalar instructions.
When using vector instructions blocks are limited to a total of 32 scalar and vector instructions.
Block _rgb2y contains a mix of 27 scalar and vector instructions.
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CYCLE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
FETCH IF IF IF IF
READ R R R R R
READ R R R R
MEM L L L S
EX A A A M M M M M M M M M A A B
EX M A T M M M M M M M M M A A A
EX M M M M M M M M M A A
EX M M M M M M M M M A A
Figure 3:
One possible schedule for Figure 2.
4.3
Instruction Schedule
Figure 3 gives one possible schedule for the example in Figure 2.
We assume a three cycle 32-bit floating point multiply, and that all loads hit in the L1 cache and require three cycles.
The architecture is capable of fetching eight instructions per cycle and thus requires four cycles to fetch the 27 instruction block.
In cycle one, eight register read instructions are fetched which are all available for execution in the following cycle since they have no dependencies.
Two register reads can execute per cycle requiring five cycles to read all the global registers.
In cycle two, registers R4 (line 20) and R8 (line 24) are read and the resulting data is sent to the vector load (line 30), multiply immediate (line 40), and add immediate (line 48) instructions.
Since each of these instructions is waiting on a single operand, they are now all ready and begin executing in cycle three.
Execution continues in this dataflow fashion until the block is ready to commit in cycle 17.
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5.
CONCLUSION
In this paper we described the E2 architecture ? a new dynamic multicore utilizing an Explicit Data Graph Execution (EDGE) ISA, designed to achieve high performance power efficiently.
As an EDGE architecture, E2 efficiently exploits instruction-level parallelism through dataflow execution and aggressive speculation.
In addition, we have described how the architecture adapts to handle data-level parallelism through vector and SIMD support.
This vector support can be interspersed with scalar instructions, making E2 more flexible than traditional vector processors, and more capable than traditional scalar architectures.
We have developed an architectural simulator for E2 using SystemC and a new compiler backend with the Microsoft Phoenix software optimization and analysis framework [1].
We are currently developing a cycle accurate FPGA implementation that when combined with our industrial strength compiler, will allow us to perform a detailed exploration and evaluation of the architecture.
Many challenges lay ahead.
To be compelling as an accelerator, we must demonstrate that E2 provides better performance, power efficiency, and programmability than specialized accelerators such as GPUs and dedicated vector processors.
E2 may also excel as a general-purpose processor, in which case we must show that it provides compelling enough power/performance gains over current static multi-core architectures to justify a transition to a new ISA.
E2 ' s performance and power efficiency are built on its ability to compose and decompose cores dynamically, so the correct policies and mechanisms for managing dynamic composition will require careful consideration.
Ideally we would like to leave all decisions about composition to the runtime system, freeing the programmer completely from reasoning about the underlying hardware.
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Finally, there is a wide variety of application domains where E2 ' s ability to trade-off power and performance could be useful, ranging from embedded devices to the data center.
In the months ahead we plan to examine a diverse set of work-loads and investigate how broadly an E2 processor can span the power-performance spectrum.
6.
REFERENCES
[1] Microsoft Phoenix.
URLリンク(research.microsoft.com)
[2] ARM. Cortex-A9 MPCore technical reference manual, November 2009.
[3] D. Burger, S. W. Keckler, K. S. McKinley, M. Dahlin, L. K. John, C. Lin, C. R. Moore, J. Burrill, R. G. McDonald, W. Yoder, and the TRIPS Team.
Scaling to the End of Silicon with EDGE architectures.
IEEE Computer, 37(7):44?55, July 2004.
[4] Cadence. Cadence InCyte Chip Estimator, September 2009.
[5] H. Esmaeilzadeh and D. Burger.
Hierarchical control prediction: Support for aggressive predication.
In Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop on Parallel Execution of Sequential Programs on Multi-core Architectures, 2009.
[6] M. D. Hill and M. R. Marty.
Amdahl ' s law in the multicore era.
IEEE COMPUTER, 2008.
[7] E. ?Ipek, M. K?rman, N. K?rman, and J. F. Mart?ez.
Core Fusion: Accommodating software diversity in chip multiprocessors.
In International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA), San Diego, CA, June 2007.
[8] N. P. Jouppi.
Improving direct-mapped cache performance by the addition of a small fully-associative cache and prefetch buffers.
SIGARCH Computer Architecture News, 18(3a), 1990.
[9] C. Kim, S. Sethumadhavan, D. Gulati, D. Burger, M. Govindan, N. Ranganathan, and S. Keckler.
Composable lightweight processors.
In Proceedings of the 40th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture, 2007.
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[10] S. Sethumadhavan, F. Roesner, J. S. Emer, D. Burger, and S. W. Keckler.
Late-binding: enabling unordered load-store queues.
In Proceedings of the 34th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, pages 347?357, New York, NY, USA, 2007.
ACM.
[11] T. Sherwood, S. Sair, and B. Calder.
Predictor-directed stream buffers.
In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Microarchitecture, 2000.
[12] A. Smith. Explicit Data Graph Compilation.
PhD thesis, The University of Texas at Austin, 2009.
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2.3
Area and Frequency
We developed an area model for the E2 processor using ChipEstimate InCyte [4] and an industry-average 65nm process technology library.
The design parameters and component areas are shown in Table 1.
Each E2 core requires 3.87 mm2, including L1 caches.
Frequency estimates are not available using our version of InCyte.
However, the microarchitecture does not have any large, global structures and uses distributed control through-out the chip.
Because of this, we expect that E2 will achieve a comparable frequency to standard cell ARM multi-core processor designs, which range from 600 to 1000 MHz in 65nm [2].
3.
EXECUTION PIPELINE
E2 ' s execution is broken into three primary stages: instruction fetch, execute, and commit.
This section first describes the behavior of each stage when operating in scalar mode, then describes the differences between scalar and vector mode.
3.1
Fetch
One of the primary differences between E2 and conventional architectures is that E2 fetches many instructions at once, rather than continually fetching single instructions.
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arXiv:1803.06617v1 [cs.AR] 18 Mar 2018
Microsoft Research Technical Report
Authored January 2014; Released March 2018
Towards an Area-Efficient Implementation of a High ILP EDGE Soft Processor
Jan Gray
Gray Research LLC
jsgray@acm.org
Aaron Smith
Microsoft Research
aaron.smith@microsoft.com
Abstract―
In-order scalar RISC architectures have been the dominant paradigm in FPGA soft processor design for twenty years.
Prior out-of-order superscalar implementations have not exhibited competitive area or absolute performance.
This paper describes a new way to build fast and area-efficient out-of-order superscalar soft processors by utilizing an Explicit Data Graph Execution (EDGE) instruction set architecture.
By carefully mapping the EDGE microarchitecture, and in particular, its dataflow instruction scheduler, we demonstrate the feasibility of an out-of-order FPGA architecture.
Two scheduler design alternatives are compared.
Index Terms―
Explicit Data Graph Execution (EDGE);
hybrid von-Neumann dataflow;
FPGA soft processors
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INTRODUCTION
Design productivity is still a challenge for reconfigurable computing.
It is expensive to port workloads into gates and to endure 102 to 104 second bitstream rebuild design iterations.
Soft processor array overlays can help mitigate these costs.
The costly initial port becomes a simple cross-compile targeting the soft processors, and most design turns are quick recompiles.
Application bottlenecks can then be offloaded to custom hardware exposed as new instructions, function units, autonomous accelerators, memories, or interconnects.
The advent of heterogeneous FPGAs with hard ARM cores does not diminish the complementary utility of soft cores.
As FPGAs double in capacity, potential soft processors per FPGA also doubles.
A mid-range FPGA can now host many hundreds of soft processors and their memory interconnection network, and such massively parallel processor and accelerator arrays (MPPAAs) can sustain hundreds of memory accesses and branches per cycle --
throughput that a few hard processors cannot match.
The microarchitectures of general purpose soft processors have changed little in two decades.
Philip Freidin's 16-bit RISC4005 (1991) was an in-order pipelined scalar RISC, as were j32, xr16, NIOS, and MicroBlaze [1]–[4], and as are their latest versions.
Over the years soft processors have gained caches, branch predictors, and other structures for boosting instruction level parallelism, but the basic scalar RISC microarchitecture still dominates.
This reflects a good fit between this simple microarchitecture and the FPGA primitive elements required to implement it -- particularly LUTs and one write/cycle LUT RAMs.
Unfortunately when such architectures take a cache miss, execution stops dead.