10/04/27 15:16:11
Copyright c 2009 Elsevier Inc.. All rights reserved.
Neuron, Volume 61, Issue 3, 481-490, 12 February 2009
doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.12.031
Gambling Near-Misses Enhance Motivation to Gamble and Recruit Win-Related Brain Circuitry
Luke Clark1, , , Andrew J. Lawrence1, Frances Astley-Jones1 and Nicola Gray1
1 Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EB Cambridge, UK
Summary
“Near-miss” events, where unsuccessful outcomes are proximal to the jackpot, increase gambling propensity and may be associated with the
addictiveness of gambling, but little is known about the neurocognitive mechanisms that underlie their potency. Using a simplified slot machine
task, we measured behavioral and neural responses to gambling outcomes. Compared to “full-misses,” near-misses were experienced as less
pleasant, but increased desire to play. This effect was restricted to trials where the subject had personal control over arranging their gamble.
Near-miss outcomes recruited striatal and insula circuitry that also responded to monetary wins; in addition, near-miss-related activity in the
rostral anterior cingulate cortex varied as a function of personal control. Insula activity to near-misses correlated with self-report ratings as
well as a questionnaire measure of gambling propensity. These data indicate that near-misses invigorate gambling through the anomalous
recruitment of reward circuitry, despite the objective lack of monetary reinforcement on these trials.
163:名無しさん＠英語勉強中
10/04/27 15:21:24
Whereas, problem gambling is a public health issue affecting millions of Americans of all
ages, races, and ethnic backgrounds in all communities and which has a significant
societal and economic cost; and,
Whereas, problem gambling is treatable and treatment is effective in minimizing the
harm to both individuals and society as a whole; and,
What is problem gambling?
Problem gambling includes all gambling behavior patterns that compromise, disrupt or damage personal, family or vocational pursuits.
The essential features are increasing preoccupation with gambling, a need to bet more money more frequently, restlessness or irritability
when attempting to stop, "chasing" losses, and loss of control manifested by continuation of the gambling behavior in spite of mounting,
serious, negative consequences. In extreme cases, problem gambling can result in financial ruin, legal problems, loss of career and family,
or even suicide. For more information on criteria for gambling problems, see Problem Gambling Self Quiz
Isn't problem gambling just a financial problem?
No. Problem gambling is an emotional problem that has financial consequences. If you pay all of a problem gambler's debts, the person
will still be a problem gambler. The real problem is that they have an uncontrollable obsession with gambling.
Isn't problem gambling really the result of irresponsible or weak-willed people?
No. Many people who develop problems have been viewed as responsible and strong by those who care about them. Precipitating factors
often lead to a change in behavior, such as retirement or job related stress.
What kind of people become problem gamblers?
Anyone who gambles can develop problems if they are not aware of the risks and do not gamble responsibly. When gambling behavior
interferes with finances, relationships and the workplace, a serious problem already exists
164:名無しさん＠英語勉強中
10/05/01 18:15:28
このスレってカーペディエムがアク禁になった途端に過疎るから分かりやすいねｗ
165:名無しさん＠英語勉強中
10/05/02 06:44:54
>>158
それ、お前www爆笑
166:名無しさん＠英語勉強中
10/05/02 09:56:04
英会話学校で「特許翻訳をやりたい」と言ったところ、
いきなり英検１級の受検を勧められたのですが、
どれくらい時間かかりますかね？
TOEIC: 850(R430, L420)
弁理士試験は学習時間3000時間で取りました。
--
英会話学校の単語テストを受けたところぼろぼろだったので、
現在、語彙の強化をしています。
単語テストは以下の書物から出されるとのことなので
これらの書物だけやってます。
The Japan Times:
出る順で最短合格 単熟語 英検準1級・1級
こう書房:
TOEICテスト730・860・990点のための英単語と英熟語
語研:
きわめたんAdvanced
167:名無しさん＠英語勉強中
10/05/02 16:08:34
1週間も前の、誰にあてられたのかさえ分からないレスに必死に反応する>>165さん。
よっぽど悔しかったのかな？
168:名無しさん＠英語勉強中
10/05/03 01:22:23
'Popular' music can be said to compromise all the various
kinds of music that might be considered under the
general heading of 'serious' or 'classical' music.
The division between the two worlds has always been fairly
clearly defined, with those active in one sphere rarely trespassing
in the other, and never more so than today, when, instead of
the distinction being based on fluctuating artistic 'taste', it is
fairly firmly based on economic considerations.
169:名無しさん＠英語勉強中
10/05/03 01:38:47
>>167
スレ返してる時点でお前の負けだろwwwwあほかこいつ
170:名無しさん＠英語勉強中
10/05/03 01:41:09
「スレ返してる」（猛苦笑）
171:名無しさん＠英語勉強中
10/05/03 01:56:21
ズレ返し？
172:名無しさん＠英語勉強中
10/05/03 03:00:10
>>169
よっぽど悔しかったという指摘は否定しないんだねｗ
173:名無しさん＠英語勉強中
10/05/03 03:24:38
>>172
それお前
｢W｣が必死
174:名無しさん＠英語勉強中
10/05/03 03:25:44
猛苦笑
寒いよ
175:名無しさん＠英語勉強中
10/05/03 03:28:04
>>172
暇なんだよ
相手してくれ能無し
176:名無しさん＠英語勉強中
10/05/03 04:09:27
猛苦笑って何？
教えてください
177:名無しさん＠英語勉強中
10/05/03 11:39:36
168を訳してください。
意外と難しいよね。
178:名無しさん＠英語勉強中
10/05/03 17:14:55
'Popular' music can be said to compromise all the various
kinds of music that might be considered under the
general heading of 'serious' or 'classical' music.
The division between the two worlds has always been fairly
clearly defined, with those active in one sphere rarely trespassing
in the other, and never more so than today, when, instead of
the distinction being based on fluctuating artistic 'taste', it is
fairly firmly based on economic considerations.
「大衆音楽」はあらゆるすべての種類の音楽から構成されると言える。
ときには、その頭に熟考の上「純」もしくは「古典的」とつく音楽かもしれない。
この二語を分別するものは、常にはっきりと明確に定義される。
ある一方の範囲での他方に侵入するような活動は、
その区別を揺るがせるような芸術家の「味わい」に代わり、
はっきりと、堅く、経済的に考慮すべき問題を土台にするような
とりわけ今日では、よりいっそうきわめて稀である。
179:名無しさん＠英語勉強中
10/05/03 17:22:51
URLﾘﾝｸ(detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp)
URLﾘﾝｸ(detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp)
URLﾘﾝｸ(school.2ch.net)
URLﾘﾝｸ(www5c.biglobe.ne.jp)
名古屋大学か。。。
ポレポレ例題１５、１～３行目
comprise > compromise
might not be > might be
に改変してるから変な話になってるなｗ
180:名無しさん＠英語勉強中
10/05/03 19:55:58
>>176
＞猛苦笑って何？
教えてください
（猛苦笑）
181:名無しさん＠英語勉強中
10/05/03 20:35:50
>>180
でなんなの？
182:名無しさん＠英語勉強中
10/05/03 20:46:30
>>166
資格からのアプローチなら英検より工業英検の方が近いのでは
英検1級はとるにこしたことはないけど作文やスピーキングもあるし
ちなみに私はTOEIC900とってから英検1級合格まで1年半かかりました
資格は目安にしかならないと思いますが
翻訳のことなら英会話学校で聞くより
翻訳学校や翻訳連盟に聞くほうが的確なアドバイス得られると思います